What is e-waste and what can we do about it?

Professor Richard Herrington, who leads research into ‘Resourcing the Green Economy’ at the Natural History Museum, shares some tips for how to dispose of unwanted electronics and tells us about an innovative urban mining project.

What is e-waste?

Electronic waste – or e-waste – includes any discarded items with plugs, cords and electronic components. Common sources of e-waste include televisions, computers, mobile phones, e-cigarettes and vapes, and any type of home appliance, from air conditioners and microwaves to children’s toys.

Why is e-waste a problem?

According to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, 62 million tonnes of e-waste was generated globally in 2022opens in a new window. The amount of e-waste produced worldwide rises by about 2.6 million tonnes each year.

The UK is one of the largest producers of household e-waste in the world.

When broken or unwanted electronics are dumped in landfill, they can become an environmental hazard as toxic substances, such as lead and mercury, can leach into soil and water.

Electronics also contain valuable non-renewable resources including gold, silver, copper, platinum, aluminium and cobalt. So, when we dispose of them without recycling, we are throwing away precious materials.

Current e-waste recycling solutions are just exporting the problem

Recycling is a preferable option to sending valuable componentry to landfill, but it comes with its own ethical considerations.

Processes are slow and inefficient, and nations are exporting the challenge to countries where labour laws and safety don’t protect those doing the meticulous and dangerous work of processing e-waste for metal and mineral extraction.

“Whole computers are sent to China, Africa or India, where entire villages including children just sort components,” says Richard.

“What we need is to be manufacturing products here and keeping a better handle on where materials are within particular products. We should be designing them so they’re more readily recyclable – better labelling and construction would allow componentry to be more readily reused and precious minerals, rescued from landfill.”

How to recycle mobile phones, computers and other electronics

Trying to work out what to do with unwanted or broken electronics? Take these four steps to give them a new lease on life and keep as much as possible out of landfill.

1. Postpone upgrading for as long as you can

Think twice about getting your phone or other devices upgraded. Do you really need a new device to do your job or communicate effectively with others?

You don’t always need to replace broken electronics. If your item only needs minor repairs, you could take it to a repair cafe. These are regular, free, community-based events where people can bring broken items to be fixed by volunteers.

2. Find opportunities for reuse

If the item is still in good working order or requires only minor repairs, think about giving it to someone else. If friends or family don’t want it, there are a number of charities that will take them and get value from old items, especially mobile phones.

3. Try returning the item to the manufacturer

If the item is broken or unusable, a first port of call should be the manufacturer. Ask if they have a process for returning old electronics and their materials for credit. Most won’t take back goods at the end of their working life, but some will.

The only way market practice and accountability will change is if enough consumers advocate for it.

4. Take them to a dedicated e-waste recycling facility

If there really is no way to reuse or return the item, find a reliable local organisation who will recycle it. There are plenty of places that will take old electronics.

Find one in your area at Recycle Nowopens in a new window.

A challenge to manufacturers and consumers

When considering buying another piece of technology, the cheapest deal might not be the best for you or the planet. If you can afford it, take your business to companies that have gone to efforts to source their materials sustainably and have a clear process for the end of life of the product.

“Most companies are driven by wanting to sell you a new product. They want you to get rid of your old phone or computer and upgrade,” says Richard. “But I would like to see more modular approaches to electronic designs where you can replace or upgrade sections as needed.”

“I think any type of built-in obsolescence that creates waste is really very bad. Electronics contain precious natural resources like precious metals and minerals that we really shouldn’t be thinking of as disposable.”

“It might be that we start demanding products that we know can be recycled and we shouldn’t accept a product that can’t be. They shouldn’t be selling something that can’t be recycled or repurposed.”

Tapping the urban mine

Richard is directly involved in a European project investigating the potential of urban mining. They’re looking into using stockpiles of e-waste to recover precious metals and minerals, such as cobalt, for reuse.

“I’m involved in a project called CROCODILEopens in a new window which looks at cobalt recycling. We know humans are creating huge amounts of waste from old batteries and our plan is to develop a secondary supply chain from those waste materials,” explains Richard.

“The goal of the project is that once metals are mined they don’t end up in landfill – they go back into the production cycle for the next device that needs them and are recycled and reused.”

The scientists, technologists and companies on the project are involved in the whole supply chain for cobalt that’s devising a pilot plant to recover recycled cobalt from secondary streams. The pilot system will involve a modular recycling plant that could be moved to work at different sites.

“It’ll be tested to treat secondary cobalt supply from a whole range of electrical and industrial waste and we will see how well suited the integrated technology is to recycling it,” Richard explains.

“If we can work on our indigenous supply of cobalt, we can cut down on the need for freshly mined materials from Africa, and it’s a great target. We should’t be wasting the resources – we should be making sure that once we mine them, we look after them and reuse them. The real goal is a circular economy.”