Dr Mark Carine

Dr Mark Carine

Principal Curator in Charge, Algae, Fungi

Department: Life Sciences
Division: LS Algae, Fungi and Plants Division
Specialisms: Other
Team: Adam CieplinskiAna SantosLouise Humphrey, Mark Carine Specialisms: Acanthaceae, Botanical collections, Island biogeography, Macaronesia, plant systematics
Contact: email
Phone: 02079425541

Summary

I am Principal Curator in Charge of the Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, managing the team responsible for curating the museum's botanical collections. I am a plant systematist with particular interests in island floras and biogeography,

I am working on a number of taxa and island systems in the Atlantic and I am interested in the use of historical collections to inform our understanding of island diversity patterns.

I currently curate the Sloane herbarium and other pre-Linnean collections in the Algae, Fungi and Plants Division. I am interested in developing these collections for both scientific and historical research.

Qualifications

    Degrees

  • DPhil, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, 1995 - 1999
  • Postgraduate Certificate in Education, Oxford University Department of Educational Studies, United Kingdom, 1992 - 1993
  • BSc(Hons) Botany, University of Reading, United Kingdom, 1988 - 1991

Employment history

    Academic

  • Principal Curator in Charge, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, United Kingdon, 2016 - ongoing
  • Researcher, Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, United Kingdom, 2001 - 2016
  • Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Reading, Department of Botany, United Kingdom, 2000 - 2001
  • Post-Doctoral Research Assistant, University of Oxford, Department of Plant Sciences, United Kingdom, 1999 - 2000

Grants

Digital monograph of Hypericum and a complete and revised published monograph of the genus
Role: Principal investigator
Funding: Annals of Botany Company
Total value £4,918.82 (to Museum £4,918.82)
Dates: 2014 - 2014

Endemic plant diversity of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago
Role: Principal investigator
Funding: Royal Geographical Society
Total value £500 (to Museum £500)
Dates: 2013 - 2014

Foundation Monographs - accelerating the pace of taxonomy
Role: Principal investigator
Funding: SYNTAX
Total value £26,898 (to Museum £8,000)
Dates: 2011 - 2013

Variance and the evolution of insular floras
Role: Principal investigator
Funding: Royal Society
Total value £10,036 (to Museum £10,036)
Dates: 2009 - 2011

AFRICA: Expanding the scope of African Digital Plant Resources
Role: Principal investigatorBrummitt N
Role: Co-investigator
Funding: World Collection Programme
Total value £29,409 (to Museum £29,409)
Dates: 2010 - 2011

Committees

Member, International Board, The Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area, 2019 - on going.

Member, British Pharmacopoeia Panel: DNA Identification Techniques, 2018 - 2019.

Member, DEFRA Overseas Territories Biodiversity Group, 2018 - on going.

Other, Systematics Association Grants and Awards Secretary, 2013 - on going.

Member, Systematics Association Council, 2012 - on going.

Secretary, Botanical Research Fund, 2006 - on going.

Member, Systematics Association Council, 2002 - 2005.

Member, Board of Trustees, Bentham Moxon Trust,

Editorships

Associate editor, Systematics and Biodiversity, 2020 - on going.

Associate editor, Journal of Biogeography, Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 - 2019.

Deputy editor in chief, Journal of Biogeography, Wiley-Blackwell, 2015 - 2016.

Editor, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2013 - 2014.

Board member, Lagascalia, 2011 - 2014.

Editor, Journal of Biogeography, 2011 - 2015.

Associate editor, Phytotaxa, 2009 - on going.

Associate editor, Journal of Biogeography, 2009 - 2011.

Publications

Mesquita S, Carine M, Castel‐Branco C, Menezes de Sequeira M (2022) Documenting the flora of a diversity hotspot: Richard Thomas Lowe (1802–1874) and his botanical exploration of Madeira island. TAXON, 71 (4) : 876 - 891. doi: 10.1002/tax.12661

White OW, Reyes-Betancort JA, Chapman MA, Carine MA (2021) Recircumscription of the Canary Island endemics Argyranthemum broussonetii and A. callichrysum (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) based on evolutionary relationships and morphology. Willdenowia, 51 (1) : doi: 10.3372/wi.51.51111

Graham RE, Reyes-Betancort JA, Chapman MA, Carine MA (2021) Inter-island differentiation and contrasting patterns of diversity in the iconic Canary Island sub-alpine endemic Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 19 (5) : 507 - 525. doi: 10.1080/14772000.2021.1877847

Holstein N, Carine M (2021) The Herbarium at the Natural History Museum, London (BM). The Vasculum, 16 (1) : 18 - 24.

Francisco-Ortega J, Gandhi KN, Duarte MC, Santos-Guerra A, Carine MA, Romeiras MM (null) James Cook and Macaronesian Botany: Typification and nomenclature updates of the new species described by Johann R. Forster and J. Georg A. Forster. Scientia Insularum. Revista de Ciencias Naturales en islas, 39 - 58. doi: 10.25145/j.si.2020.03.03

Santos-Guerra A, Carine MA, Francisco-Ortega J (null) Macaronesian botany and the Endeavour voyage: The collections and records of Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander from Madeira. Scientia Insularum. Revista de Ciencias Naturales en islas, 165 - 220. doi: 10.25145/j.si.2020.03.11

Paton A, Antonelli A, Carine M, Forzza RC, Davies N, Demissew S, Dröge G, Fulcher T, Grall A, Holstein N, Jones M, Liu U, Miller J, Moat J, Nicolson N, Ryan M, Sharrock S, Smith D, Thiers B, Victor J, Wilkinson T, Dickie J (2020) Plant and fungal collections: Current status, future perspectives. PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET, 2 (5) : 499 - 514. doi: 10.1002/ppp3.10141

(2020) The Collectors: Creating Hans Sloane's Extraordinary Herbarium. Carine M (Eds). Natural History Museum : London. 192.

Carine M, Sequeira MMD (2020) Sir Joseph Hooker on Insular Floras: human impact and the natural laboratory paradigm. Scientia Insularum. Revista de Ciencias Naturales en islas, 73 - 88. doi: 10.25145/j.si.2020.03.05

Romeiras MM, Carine M, Duarte MC, Catarino S, Dias FS, Borda-de-Água L (null) Bayesian Methods to Analyze Historical Collections in Time and Space: A Case Study Using Cabo Verde Endemic Flora. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11 : doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00278

Rønsted N, Grace OM, Carine MA (null) Editorial: Integrative and Translational Uses of Herbarium Collections Across Time, Space, and Species. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11 : doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01319

Seidl A, Pérez-Collazos E, Tremetsberger K, Carine M, Catalán P, Bernhardt K-G (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of the Pleistocene Holarctic steppe and semi-desert goosefoot plant Krascheninnikovia ceratoides. Flora, 262 : 151504 - 151504. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2019.151504

White OW, Reyes‐Betancort JA, Chapman MA, Carine MA (2020) Geographical isolation, habitat shifts and hybridisation in the diversification of the Macaronesian endemic genus Argyranthemum (Asteraceae). New Phytologist, 228 (6) : 1953 - 1971. doi: 10.1111/nph.16980

Carine M (2019) Johann Forster, Naturalist, Ethnologist and Ethnographer, In: Nature’s Explorers, The Natural History Museum : London.

Williams RB, Carine M, Bramwell D (2019) Richard Thomas Lowe (1802−1874): his alleged final manuscript of the unfinished A Manual Flora of Madeira, and its true author, Charles Baron Clarke (1832−1906).. Huntia; a yearbook of botanical and horticultural bibliography, 17 (2) : 109 - 139.

White OW, Reyes-Betancort A, Chapman MA, Carine MA (2018) Independent homoploid hybrid speciation events in the Macaronesian endemic genusArgyranthemum. Molecular Ecology, 27 (23) : 4856 - 4874. doi: 10.1111/mec.14889

Dias EF, Kilian N, Silva L, Schaefer H, Carine M, Rudall PJ, Santos-Guerra A, Moura M (2018) Phylogeography of the Macaronesian Lettuce Species Lactuca watsoniana and L. palmensis (Asteraceae). Biochemical Genetics, 56 (4) : 315 - 340. doi: 10.1007/s10528-018-9847-8

Carine MA, Cesar EA, Ellis L, Hunnex J, Paul AM, Prakash R, Rumsey FJ, Wajer J, Wilbraham J, Yesilyurt JC (2018) Examining the spectra of herbarium uses and users. Botany Letters, 165 (3-4) : 328 - 336. doi: 10.1080/23818107.2018.1482782

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Sánchez-Pinto L, Duarte M, Rouhan G, Santiago-Valentin E, Carine M, Romeiras M (2018) Iconografía de plantas canarias (siglos XVI–XVIII). Francisco-Ortega J, Sánchez-Pinto L (Eds). Museos de Tenerife : Tenerife, Spain. 331.

Penn MG, Cafferty S, Carine M (2018) Mapping the history of botanical collectors: spatial patterns, diversity, and uniqueness through time. Systematics and Biodiversity, 16 (1) : 1 - 13. doi: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1355854

Jones KE, Pérez-Espona S, Reyes-Betancort JA, Pattinson D, Caujapé-Castells J, Hiscock SJ, Carine MA (2016) Why do different oceanic archipelagos harbour contrasting levels of species diversity? The macaronesian endemic genus Pericallis (Asteraceae) provides insight into explaining the ‘Azores diversity Enigma’. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16 (1) : doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0766-1

White OW, Doo B, Carine MA, Chapman MA (2016) Transcriptome sequencing and simple sequence repeat marker development for three Macaronesian endemic plant species. Applications in Plant Sciences, 4 (8) : 1600050 - 1600050. doi: 10.3732/apps.1600050

Carine M, Gray A, Eaton M, Hall J, Scutt Phillips J, Righton D, Chamberlain J (null) Identifying Evidence Gaps to Support the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the UK Overseas Territories. Final Report. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Project BE0101. :

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Romeiras MM, Carine M, Sánchez-Pinto L, Duarte MC (2015) The botany of the three voyages of Captain James Cook in Macaronesia: an introduction. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 27 : 357 - 410.

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Sánchez-Pinto L, Duarte MC, Rouhan G, Santiago-Valetín E, Carine M, Romeiras MM (2015) Early scientific illustrations of the Macaronesian flora: An introduction to pre-19th century artworks. Vieraea, 43 : 219 - 308.

Mitchell TC, Williams BRM, Wood JRI, Harris DJ, Scotland RW, Carine MA (2016) How the temperate world was colonised by bindweeds: biogeography of the Convolvuleae (Convolvulaceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16 (1) : doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0591-6

Moura M, Carine MA, De Sequeira MM (2015) Aichryson santamariensis (Crassulaceae): a new species endemic to Santa Maria in the Azores. PHYTOTAXA, 234 (1) : 37 - 50.

Williams BRM, Schaefer H, De Sequeira MM, Reyes-Betancort JA, Patiño J, Carine MA (2015) Are there any widespread endemic flowering plant species in Macaronesia? Phylogeography ofRanunculus cortusifolius. American Journal of Botany, 102 (10) : 1736 - 1746. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1500238

Simoes AR, Culham A, Carine M (2015) Resolving the unresolved tribe: a molecular phylogenetic framework for the Merremieae (Convolvulaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 179 (3) : 374 - 387. doi: 10.1111/boj.12339

Wood JRI, Carine MA, Harris D, Wilkin P, Williams B, Scotland RW (2015) Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in Bolivia. KEW BULLETIN, 70 (3) : doi: 10.1007/S12225-015-9592-7

Scotland R, Wood J, R.M. Williams B, Mitchell TC, Carine M, Harris D (null) A foundation monograph of Convolvulus L. (Convolvulaceae). PhytoKeys, 51 : 1 - 282. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.51.7104

Moura M, Carine MA, Malécot V, Lourenço A, Schaefer H, Silva L (2015) A taxonomic reassessment of Viburnum (Adoxaceae) in the Azores. Phytotaxa, 210 (1) : 4 - 23. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.210.1.3

Moura M, Silva L, Dias EF, Schaefer H, Carine M (2015) A revision of the genus Leontodon (Asteraceae) in the Azores based on morphological and molecular evidence. Phytotaxa, 210 (1) : 24 - 46. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.210.1.4

Romeiras MM, Monteiro F, Duarte MC, Schaefer H, Carine M (2015) Patterns of genetic diversity in three plant lineages endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. AoB Plants, 7 : plv051 - plv051. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plv051

Patiño J, Carine M, Mardulyn P, Devos N, Mateo RG, González-Mancebo JM, Shaw AJ, Vanderpoorten A (2015) Approximate Bayesian Computation Reveals the Crucial Role of Oceanic Islands for the Assembly of Continental Biodiversity. Systematic Biology, 64 (4) : 579 - 589. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syv013

Buril MT, Simoes AR, Carine M, Alves M (2015) Daustinia, a replacement name for Austinia (Convolvulaceae). PHYTOTAXA, 197 (1) : 60 - 60.

Patiño J, Sólymos P, Carine M, Weigelt P, Kreft H, Vanderpoorten A (2015) Island floras are not necessarily more species poor than continental ones. Journal of Biogeography, 42 (1) : 8 - 10. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12422

Buril MT, Simões AR, Carine M, Alves M (2014) Austinia, a new genus of Convolvulaceae from Brazil. Phytotaxa, 186 (5) : 254 - 254. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.186.5.2

Jones KE, Sequiera M, Carine MA, Jardim R (2014) A new species of Pericallis (Senecioneae, Asteraceae) endemic to Porto Santo (Madeira, Portugal). Phytotaxa, 186 (4) : 199 - 199. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.186.4.3

Bateman RM, Rudall PJ, Bidartondo MI, Cozzolino S, Tranchida-Lombardo V, Carine MA, Moura M (2014) Speciation via floral heterochrony and presumed mycorrhizal host switching of endemic butterfly orchids on the Azorean archipelago. American Journal of Botany, 101 (6) : 979 - 1001. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1300430

Romeiras MM, Duarte MC, Santos-Guerra A, Carine M, Francisco-Ortega J (2014) Botanical exploration of the Cape Verde Islands: From the pre-Linnaean records and collections to late 18th century floristic accounts and expeditions. Taxon, 63 (3) : 625 - 640. doi: 10.12705/633.37

Williams BRM, Mitchell TC, Wood JRI, Harris DJ, Scotland RW, Carine MA (2014) Integrating DNA barcode data in a monographic study of Convolvulus. Taxon, doi: 10.12705/636.9

Patino J, Carine M, Fernández-Palacios JM, Otto R, Schaefer H, Vanderpoorten A (2014) The anagenetic world of spore-producing land plants. New Phytologist, 201 : 305 - 311.

Rumsey FJ, Robba L, Schneider H, Carine MA (2014) Taxonomic uncertainty and a continental conundrum:Polypodium macaronesicumreassessed. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 174 (3) : 449 - 460. doi: 10.1111/boj.12140

Hay AS, Pieper B, Cooke E, Mandáková T, Cartolano M, Tattersall AD, Ioio RD, McGowan SJ, Barkoulas M, Galinha C, Rast MI, Hofhuis H, Then C, Plieske J, Ganal M, Mott R, Martinez-Garcia JF, Carine MA, Scotland RW, Gan X, Filatov DA, Lysak MA, Tsiantis M (2014) Cardamine hirsuta: a versatile genetic system for comparative studies. The Plant Journal, 78 (1) : 1 - 15. doi: 10.1111/tpj.12447

Jones KE, Reyes-Betancort JA, Hiscock SJ, Carine MA (2014) Allopatric diversification, multiple habitat shifts, and hybridization in the evolution ofPericallis(Asteraceae), a Macaronesian endemic genus. American Journal of Botany, 101 (4) : 637 - 651. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1300390

Luna JA, Demissew S, Darbyshire I, Carine MA (null) The significance of one versus two styles: the return of Seddera section Socotroseddera to Convolvulus . Phytotaxa, 156 (1) : 47 - 47. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.156.1.3

Rumsey F, Schaefer H, Carine M (2014) Asplenium auritum sensu lato (Aspleniaceae: Pteridophyta): an overlooked neotropical fern native to the Azores. Fern Gazette 19: 259—271.. Fern Gazette, 19 : 259 - 271.

Carine MA, Christenhusz MJM (2010) About this volume: the monograph of Hypericum by Norman Robson. PHYTOTAXA, 4 : 1 - 4.

Carine MA, Reyes-Betancort JA (2013) Diversity and Diversification of the Macaronesian Lauroid Spurges. Vieraea: Folia scientarum biologicarum canariensium, 253 - 268.

Nürk NM, Madriñán S, Carine MA, Chase MW, Blattner FR (2013) Molecular phylogenetics and morphological evolution of St. John’s wort (Hypericum; Hypericaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66 (1) : 1 - 16. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.022

Bebber DP, Carine MA, Davidse G, Harris DJ, Haston EM, Penn MG, Cafferty S, Wood JRI, Scotland RW (2012) Big hitting collectors make massive and disproportionate contribution to the discovery of plant species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279 (1736) : 2269 - 2274. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2439

Désamoré A, Laenen B, González-Mancebo JM, Jaén Molina R, Bystriakova N, Martinez-Klimova E, Carine MA, Vanderpoorten A (2012) Inverted patterns of genetic diversity in continental and island populations of the heather Erica scoparia s.l.. Journal of Biogeography, 39 (3) : 574 - 584. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02622.x

Carine MA, Jones K, Moura M, Graciete Belo Maciel M, Rumsey FJ, Schaefer H (2012) Putting biogeography’s cart back behind taxonomy’s horse: a response to Triantis et al.. Journal of Biogeography, 39 (6) : 1184 - 1187. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02736.x

Schaefer H, Hechenleitner P, Santos-Guerra A, de Sequeira MM, Pennington RT, Kenicer G, Carine MA (2012) Systematics, biogeography, and character evolution of the legume tribe Fabeae with special focus on the middle-Atlantic island lineages. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12 (1) : 250 - 250. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-250

Désamoré A, Laenen B, Devos N, Popp M, González-Mancebo JM, Carine MA, Vanderpoorten A (2011) Out of Africa: north-westwards Pleistocene expansions of the heather Erica arborea. Journal of Biogeography, 38 (1) : 164 - 176. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02387.x

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Carine MA, Maunder M (2011) Las colecciones de herbario más antiguas de las islas Canarias. 98 - 111.

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Carine MA, Sequeira M, Maunder M (2011) The search for new plants: early exploration brought “strange” plants to European collections. Winter 2011 : 43 - 47.

Romeiras MM, Paulo OS, Duarte MC, Pina-Martins F, Cotrim MH, Carine MA, Pais MS (2011) Origin and diversification of the genusEchium(Boraginaceae) in the Cape Verde archipelago. TAXON, 60 (5) : 1375 - 1385. doi: 10.1002/tax.605013

Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Carine MA, Maunder M, Francisco-Ortega J (2011) Late 17th century herbarium collections from the Canary Islands: The plants collected by James Cuninghame in La Palma. TAXON, 60 (6) : 1734 - 1753. doi: 10.1002/tax.606017

Schaefer H, Carine MA, Rumsey FJ (2011) From European Priority Species to Invasive Weed: Marsilea azorica (Marsileaceae) is a Misidentified Alien. Systematic Botany, 36 (4) : 845 - 853. doi: 10.1600/036364411x604868

Schaefer H, Moura M, Belo Maciel MG, Silva L, Rumsey FJ, Carine MA (2011) The Linnean shortfall in oceanic island biogeography: a case study in the Azores. Journal of Biogeography, 38 (7) : 1345 - 1355. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02494.x

Vanderpoorten A, Laenen B, Gabriel R, González-Mancebo JM, Rumsey F, Carine MA, Bramwell D, Caujapé-Castells J (2011) Dispersal, diversity and evolution of the Macaronesian cryptogamic floras, In: null, null : 338 - 364.

Bebber DP, Carine MA, Wood JRI, Wortley AH, Harris DJ, Prance GT, Davidse G, Paige J, Pennington TD, Robson NKB, Scotland RW (2010) Herbaria are a major frontier for species discovery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107 (51) : 22169 - 22171. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1011841108

Vanderpoorten A, Robbert Gradstein S, Carine MA, Devos N (null) The ghosts of Gondwana and Laurasia in modern liverwort distributions. Biological Reviews, no - no. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00111.x

Carine MA, Robba L (2010) A revision of the Convolvulus sabatius (Convolvulaceae) complex. Phytotaxa, 14 : 1 - 21.

Carine MA, Santos Guerra A, Guma IR, Reyes-Betancort JA (2010) Endemism and evolution of the Macaronesian flora, In: null, null : 101 - 124.

Carine MA, Schaefer H (null) The Azores diversity enigma: why are there so few Azorean endemic flowering plants and why are they so widespread?. Journal of Biogeography, 37 (1) : 77 - 89. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02181.x

de Sequeira MM, Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Oberli A, Carine MA, Maunder M, Francisco-Ortega J (2010) The Madeiran plants collected by Sir Hans Sloane in 1687, and his descriptions. TAXON, 59 (2) : 598 - 612. doi: 10.1002/tax.592025

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos Guerra A, JARVIS CE, CARINE MA, Menezes de Sequeira M, Maunder M (2010) Early British collectors and observers of the Macaronesian flora: from Sloane to Darwin, In: Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm, WILLIAMS DM, KNAPP S (Eds). University of California Press : Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 125 - 144.

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Carine MA, de Sequeira MM, Maunder M (2010) Early British collectors and observers of the Macaronesian flora. Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm, 3 : 125 - 125.

Laenen B, Désamoré A, Devos N, Shaw AJ, González-Mancebo JM, Carine MA, Vanderpoorten A (2011) Macaronesia: a source of hidden genetic diversity for post-glacial recolonization of western Europe in the leafy liverwort Radula lindenbergiana. Journal of Biogeography, 38 (4) : 631 - 639. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02440.x

Hollingsworth PM, Forrest LL, Spouge JL, Hajibabaei M, Ratnasingham S, van der Bank M, Chase MW, Cowan RS, Erickson DL, Fazekas AJ, Graham SW, James KE, Kim K-J, Kress WJ, Schneider H, van AlphenStahl J, Barrett SCH, van den Berg C, Bogarin D, Burgess KS, Cameron KM, Carine M, Chacón J, Clark A, Clarkson JJ, Conrad F, Devey DS, Ford CS, Hedderson TAJ, Hollingsworth ML, Husband BC, Kelly LJ, Kesanakurti PR, Kim JS, Kim Y-D, Lahaye R, Lee H-L, Long DG, Madriñán S, Maurin O, Meusnier I, Newmaster SG, Park C-W, Percy DM, Petersen G, Richardson JE, Salazar GA, Savolainen V, Seberg O, Wilkinson MJ, Yi D-K, Little DP (2009) A DNA barcode for land plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (31) : 12794 - 12797. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905845106

BROWN JM, BRUMMITT RK, SPENCER M, CARINE MA (2009) Disentangling the bindweeds: hybridization and taxonomic diversity in BritishCalystegia(Convolvulaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 160 (4) : 388 - 401. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00987.x

Carine MA, Humphries CJ, Guma IR, Reyes-Betancort JA, Santos Guerra A (2009) Areas and algorithms: evaluating numerical approaches for the delimitation of areas of endemism in the Canary Islands archipelago. Journal of Biogeography, 36 (4) : 593 - 611. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02016.x

Hollingsworth P, Forrest L, Spouge J, Hajibabaei M, Ratnasingham S, Van der Bank M, Chase M, Cowan R, Erickson D, Fazekas A, Graham S, JAMES KE, Kim KJ, John W, SCHNEIDER H, Van Alphen Stahl J, Barrett S, Van den Berg C, Bogarin D, Burgess K, Cameron K, CARINE M, Chacón J, Clark A, Clarkson J, Conrad F, Devey D, Ford C, Hedderson T, Hollingsworth M, Husband B, Kelly L, Kesanakurti P, Kim J, Kim Y, Lahaye R, Lee HL, Long D, Madriñán S, Maurin O, Meusnier I, Newmaster S, Park CW, Percy D, Petersen G, Richardson J, Salazar G, Savolainen V, Seberg O, WILKINSON M, Yi DK, Little D (2009) A DNA Barcode for Land Plants. CBOL Plant Working Group. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106 : 12794 - 12797.

Martinez Rodriguez J, Vargas Gomez P, Carine M, Jury S (2009) Iris rutherfordii Mart. Rodr., R Vargas, Carine & Jury (Iridaceae, Iris subgen. Xiphium (Mill.) Spach), a new species from Morocco. CANDOLLEA, 64 (1) : 127 - 132.

Ortega JF, Guerra AS, Carine MA, Jarvis CE (2009) Francis Masson y los primeros estudios taxonomicos modernos de la flora macaronesica. 2 - 11.

Vanderpoorten A, Gradstein SR, CARINE MA, Devos N (2009) The ghosts of Gondwana and Laurasia in modern liverwort distributions. Biological Reviews,

FRANCISCO-ORTEGA J, SANTOS-GUERRA A, CARINE MA, JARVIS CE (2008) Plant hunting in Macaronesia by Francis Masson: the plants sent to Linnaeus and Linnaeus filius. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 157 (3) : 393 - 428. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00822.x

Reyes-Betancort JA, Santos Guerra A, Guma IR, Humphries CJ, Carine MA (2008) Diversity, rarity and the evolution and conservation of the Canary Islands endemic flora. ANALES-JARDIN BOTANICO DE MADRID. 65 : CSIC : 25 - 25.

CARINE MA, ROBBA L, LITTLE R, RUSSELL S, GUERRA AS (2007) Molecular and morphological evidence for hybridization between endemic Canary Island Convolvulus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 154 (2) : 187 - 204. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00657.x

Chase MW, Cowan RS, Hollingsworth PM, van den Berg C, Madriñán S, Petersen G, Seberg O, Jørgsensen T, Cameron KM, Carine M, Pedersen N, Hedderson TAJ, Conrad F, Salazar GA, Richardson JE, Hollingsworth ML, Barraclough TG, Kelly L, Wilkinson M (2007) A proposal for a standardised protocol to barcode all land plants. TAXON, 56 (2) : 295 - 299. doi: 10.1002/tax.562004

Vanderpoorten A, Rumsey FJ, Carine MA (2007) Does Macaronesia exist? Conflicting signal in the bryophyte and pteridophyte floras. American Journal of Botany, 94 (4) : 625 - 639. doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.4.625

CARINE M, Santos Guerra A, HUMPHRIES C, Reyes-Bentancort JA, Guma R (2007) Areas of endemism in cladistic biogepgraphy : a case study from the Canary islands. Third Biennial Conference of the International Biogeography Society, Book of Abstracts,

Francisco-Ortega J, CARINE M, JARVIS C, Santos Guerra A, Maunder M (2007) Celebrating the 300th Anniversary of Carolus Linnaeus. Spring 2007 : 30 - 31.

Carine M, Rumsey FJ, Ait-Lafkih M, Rej-Dali M, Rutherford RW, Jury SL (2006) New plant collections from the North Morocco checklist area. null,

SILVERTOWN J, FRANCISCO-ORTEGA J, CARINE M (2005) The monophyly of island radiations: an evaluation of niche pre-emption and some alternative explanations. Journal of Ecology, 93 (4) : 653 - 657. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01038.x

Carine MA (2005) Spatio‐temporal relationships of the Macaronesian endemic flora: a relictual series or window of opportunity?. TAXON, 54 (4) : 895 - 903. doi: 10.2307/25065476

Robba L, Carine MA, Russell SJ, Raimondo FM (2005) The monophyly and evolution of Cynara L.(Asteraceae) sensu lato: evidence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of nrDNA and morphology. null,

Robba L, Carine MA, Russell SJ, Raimondo FM (2005) The monophyly and evolution of Cynara L. (Asteraceae) sensu lato: evidence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of nrDNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 253 (1-4) : 53 - 64. doi: 10.1007/s00606-004-0259-3

Silva L, Pinto N, Press JR, Rumsey F, Carine M, Henderson S, Sjörgren E, Borges PAV, Cunha R, Gabriel R, others (2005) List of vascular plants (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta), In: null, Direcç ao Regional do Ambiente and Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Angra do Heroísmo and Ponta Delgada :

Carine MA, Alexander JM, Scotland RW (2004) A revision of the Strobilanthes kunthiana group (Phlebophyllum sensu Bremekamp). null,

Carine MA, Alexander JM, Scotland RW (2004) A revision of the Strobilanthes kunthiana-group (Phlebophyllum sensu Bremekamp)(Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin, 1 - 25.

Carine MA, Russell SJ, Santos-Guerra A, Francisco-Ortega J (2004) Relationships of the Macaronesian and Mediterranean floras: molecular evidence for multiple colonizations into Macaronesia and back-colonization of the continent inConvolvulus(Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 91 (7) : 1070 - 1085. doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.7.1070

CARINE MA, Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, RUSSELL SJ (2004) Relationships of island and continental floras: molecular evidence for multiple colonisations into Macaronesia and subsequent back-colonisation of the continent in Convolvulus L.. American Journal of Botany, 91 : 1070 - 1085.

Moylan EC, Bennett JR, Carine MA, Olmstead RG, Scotland RW (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): evidence from ITS nrDNA, trn L- F cpDNA, and morphology. American Journal of Botany, 91 (5) : 724 - 735. doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.5.724

Carine MA, Alexander JM, Russell SJ (2003) Evolution of spines and the taxonomic status of Convolvulus section Acanthocladi: preliminary results from the ITS 2 region of nrDNA. Bocconea, 16 : 703 - 710.

Carine MA, Scotland RW (2002) Classification of Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae): Trying to Classify the Unclassifiable?. Taxon, 51 (2) : 259 - 259. doi: 10.2307/1554926

Carine MA, Jayasekara P, Scotland RW (2000) A new species of Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) from Sri Lanka. Kew Bulletin, 971 - 976.

Carine MA, Scotland RW (2000) taxa and 32 characters: resolving species relationships using morphological data, In: null, null : 365 - 384.

CARINE MA, SCOTLAND RW (2000) The taxonomy and biology of Stenosiphonium Nees (Acanthaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 133 (1) : 101 - 128. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01538.x

Scotland RW, Carine MA (2000) Classification or Phylogenetic Estimates?. Cladistics, 16 (4) : 411 - 419. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00360.x

Carine MA (1999) A systematic study of the southern Indian and Sri Lankan Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae).. PhD Thesis.

Carine MA, Scotland RW (1999) Taxic and Transformational Homology: Different Ways of Seeing. Cladistics, 15 (2) : 121 - 129. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1999.tb00254.x

Carine MA, Scotland RW (1998) Pollen morphology of Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) from southern India and Sri Lanka. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 103 (3-4) : 143 - 165. doi: 10.1016/s0034-6667(98)00030-x

Carine M (1997) Rarity of Strobilanthes Blume and Stenosiphonium Nees.

Carine M (1996) Systematics of Stenosiphonium Nees (Acanthaceae): the legacies of Hooker and Thomson.

Carine M (2021) Mastering the difficulties presented by the peculiarities of island life. A commentary on: ‘Reconstruction of the spatio-temporal diversification and ecological niche evolution of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) in the Canary Islands using genotyping-by-sequence data’. Annals of Botany, 127 (5) : iii - iv. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcab025

Courses taught

Postgraduate: Taxonomic Principles and Tools in Botanical Research

3/2017.

Supervision

Doctorate (PhD) Co-supervisor to Scott B
Co supervisor(s): Carine M
Decolonising the Sloane Herbarium
Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Funding: Arts and Humanities Research Council
1/10/2021 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Co-supervisor to Bedford J
Co supervisor(s): Mark C
Genomics of adaptation to climate change in rice
University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Funding: NERC
1/10/2020 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Joint supervisor to de Vries A
Co supervisor(s): Carine M
Oceanic island museomics: human impact and the natural laboratory paradigm
University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Funding: NERC
1/11/2019 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Joint supervisor to Graham R
The genomics of parallel adaptation to temperature-divergent niches
Funding: NERC
5/10/2015 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Joint supervisor to Prakash R
Co supervisor(s): Carine M
A cross-cultural study of medicinal plant use in India

Funding: Self funded
2015 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Co-supervisor to White O
Co supervisor(s): Chapman MA
Using transcriptomics to understand adaptation and speciation in an island radiation
Funding: Natural History Museum & University of Southampton
2015 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Lead supervisor to Jones K
Resolving the Azores Diversity Enigma
Funding: Natural History Museum
2010 - 2014.

Doctorate (PhD) Lead supervisor to Simões AR
Co supervisor(s): Culham A
Disentangling the bindweeds: systematics and evolution of Merremieae (Convolvulaceae)
Funding: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
2009 - 2013.

Doctorate (PhD) Co-supervisor to Cooke E
Co supervisor(s): Scotland RW
Systematics of Cardamine hirsuta
Funding: BBSRC
2009 - 2014.

Doctorate (PhD) Joint supervisor to Monro A
Taxonomy of Pilea (Urticaceae)
2007 - on going.

Course developed

Co developers: Knapp S, Thues H, Carine M, Brodie J, Ellis L, Wilbraham J, Spencer M, Rumsey F
Taxonomic Principles and Tools in Botanical Research,

Introduction

Summary

I am Principal Curator in Charge of the Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, managing the team responsible for curating the museum's botanical collections. I am a plant systematist with particular interests in island floras and biogeography,

I am working on a number of taxa and island systems in the Atlantic and I am interested in the use of historical collections to inform our understanding of island diversity patterns.

I currently curate the Sloane herbarium and other pre-Linnean collections in the Algae, Fungi and Plants Division. I am interested in developing these collections for both scientific and historical research.

Qualifications

    Degrees

  • DPhil, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, 1995 - 1999
  • Postgraduate Certificate in Education, Oxford University Department of Educational Studies, United Kingdom, 1992 - 1993
  • BSc(Hons) Botany, University of Reading, United Kingdom, 1988 - 1991

Employment history

    Academic

  • Principal Curator in Charge, Algae, Fungi and Plants Division, Natural History Museum, United Kingdon, 2016 - ongoing
  • Researcher, Natural History Museum, Department of Life Sciences, United Kingdom, 2001 - 2016
  • Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Reading, Department of Botany, United Kingdom, 2000 - 2001
  • Post-Doctoral Research Assistant, University of Oxford, Department of Plant Sciences, United Kingdom, 1999 - 2000
Projects

Grants

Digital monograph of Hypericum and a complete and revised published monograph of the genus
Role: Principal investigator
Funding: Annals of Botany Company
Total value £4,918.82 (to Museum £4,918.82)
Dates: 2014 - 2014

Endemic plant diversity of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago
Role: Principal investigator
Funding: Royal Geographical Society
Total value £500 (to Museum £500)
Dates: 2013 - 2014

Foundation Monographs - accelerating the pace of taxonomy
Role: Principal investigator
Funding: SYNTAX
Total value £26,898 (to Museum £8,000)
Dates: 2011 - 2013

Variance and the evolution of insular floras
Role: Principal investigator
Funding: Royal Society
Total value £10,036 (to Museum £10,036)
Dates: 2009 - 2011

AFRICA: Expanding the scope of African Digital Plant Resources
Role: Principal investigatorBrummitt N
Role: Co-investigator
Funding: World Collection Programme
Total value £29,409 (to Museum £29,409)
Dates: 2010 - 2011

Professional activities

Committees

Member, International Board, The Organization for the Phyto-Taxonomic Investigation of the Mediterranean Area, 2019 - on going.

Member, British Pharmacopoeia Panel: DNA Identification Techniques, 2018 - 2019.

Member, DEFRA Overseas Territories Biodiversity Group, 2018 - on going.

Other, Systematics Association Grants and Awards Secretary, 2013 - on going.

Member, Systematics Association Council, 2012 - on going.

Secretary, Botanical Research Fund, 2006 - on going.

Member, Systematics Association Council, 2002 - 2005.

Member, Board of Trustees, Bentham Moxon Trust,

Editorships

Associate editor, Systematics and Biodiversity, 2020 - on going.

Associate editor, Journal of Biogeography, Wiley-Blackwell, 2017 - 2019.

Deputy editor in chief, Journal of Biogeography, Wiley-Blackwell, 2015 - 2016.

Editor, BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2013 - 2014.

Board member, Lagascalia, 2011 - 2014.

Editor, Journal of Biogeography, 2011 - 2015.

Associate editor, Phytotaxa, 2009 - on going.

Associate editor, Journal of Biogeography, 2009 - 2011.

Publications

Publications

Mesquita S, Carine M, Castel‐Branco C, Menezes de Sequeira M (2022) Documenting the flora of a diversity hotspot: Richard Thomas Lowe (1802–1874) and his botanical exploration of Madeira island. TAXON, 71 (4) : 876 - 891. doi: 10.1002/tax.12661

White OW, Reyes-Betancort JA, Chapman MA, Carine MA (2021) Recircumscription of the Canary Island endemics Argyranthemum broussonetii and A. callichrysum (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) based on evolutionary relationships and morphology. Willdenowia, 51 (1) : doi: 10.3372/wi.51.51111

Graham RE, Reyes-Betancort JA, Chapman MA, Carine MA (2021) Inter-island differentiation and contrasting patterns of diversity in the iconic Canary Island sub-alpine endemic Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 19 (5) : 507 - 525. doi: 10.1080/14772000.2021.1877847

Holstein N, Carine M (2021) The Herbarium at the Natural History Museum, London (BM). The Vasculum, 16 (1) : 18 - 24.

Francisco-Ortega J, Gandhi KN, Duarte MC, Santos-Guerra A, Carine MA, Romeiras MM (null) James Cook and Macaronesian Botany: Typification and nomenclature updates of the new species described by Johann R. Forster and J. Georg A. Forster. Scientia Insularum. Revista de Ciencias Naturales en islas, 39 - 58. doi: 10.25145/j.si.2020.03.03

Santos-Guerra A, Carine MA, Francisco-Ortega J (null) Macaronesian botany and the Endeavour voyage: The collections and records of Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander from Madeira. Scientia Insularum. Revista de Ciencias Naturales en islas, 165 - 220. doi: 10.25145/j.si.2020.03.11

Paton A, Antonelli A, Carine M, Forzza RC, Davies N, Demissew S, Dröge G, Fulcher T, Grall A, Holstein N, Jones M, Liu U, Miller J, Moat J, Nicolson N, Ryan M, Sharrock S, Smith D, Thiers B, Victor J, Wilkinson T, Dickie J (2020) Plant and fungal collections: Current status, future perspectives. PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET, 2 (5) : 499 - 514. doi: 10.1002/ppp3.10141

(2020) The Collectors: Creating Hans Sloane's Extraordinary Herbarium. Carine M (Eds). Natural History Museum : London. 192.

Carine M, Sequeira MMD (2020) Sir Joseph Hooker on Insular Floras: human impact and the natural laboratory paradigm. Scientia Insularum. Revista de Ciencias Naturales en islas, 73 - 88. doi: 10.25145/j.si.2020.03.05

Romeiras MM, Carine M, Duarte MC, Catarino S, Dias FS, Borda-de-Água L (null) Bayesian Methods to Analyze Historical Collections in Time and Space: A Case Study Using Cabo Verde Endemic Flora. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11 : doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00278

Rønsted N, Grace OM, Carine MA (null) Editorial: Integrative and Translational Uses of Herbarium Collections Across Time, Space, and Species. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11 : doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01319

Seidl A, Pérez-Collazos E, Tremetsberger K, Carine M, Catalán P, Bernhardt K-G (2020) Phylogeny and biogeography of the Pleistocene Holarctic steppe and semi-desert goosefoot plant Krascheninnikovia ceratoides. Flora, 262 : 151504 - 151504. doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2019.151504

White OW, Reyes‐Betancort JA, Chapman MA, Carine MA (2020) Geographical isolation, habitat shifts and hybridisation in the diversification of the Macaronesian endemic genus Argyranthemum (Asteraceae). New Phytologist, 228 (6) : 1953 - 1971. doi: 10.1111/nph.16980

Carine M (2019) Johann Forster, Naturalist, Ethnologist and Ethnographer, In: Nature’s Explorers, The Natural History Museum : London.

Williams RB, Carine M, Bramwell D (2019) Richard Thomas Lowe (1802−1874): his alleged final manuscript of the unfinished A Manual Flora of Madeira, and its true author, Charles Baron Clarke (1832−1906).. Huntia; a yearbook of botanical and horticultural bibliography, 17 (2) : 109 - 139.

White OW, Reyes-Betancort A, Chapman MA, Carine MA (2018) Independent homoploid hybrid speciation events in the Macaronesian endemic genusArgyranthemum. Molecular Ecology, 27 (23) : 4856 - 4874. doi: 10.1111/mec.14889

Dias EF, Kilian N, Silva L, Schaefer H, Carine M, Rudall PJ, Santos-Guerra A, Moura M (2018) Phylogeography of the Macaronesian Lettuce Species Lactuca watsoniana and L. palmensis (Asteraceae). Biochemical Genetics, 56 (4) : 315 - 340. doi: 10.1007/s10528-018-9847-8

Carine MA, Cesar EA, Ellis L, Hunnex J, Paul AM, Prakash R, Rumsey FJ, Wajer J, Wilbraham J, Yesilyurt JC (2018) Examining the spectra of herbarium uses and users. Botany Letters, 165 (3-4) : 328 - 336. doi: 10.1080/23818107.2018.1482782

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Sánchez-Pinto L, Duarte M, Rouhan G, Santiago-Valentin E, Carine M, Romeiras M (2018) Iconografía de plantas canarias (siglos XVI–XVIII). Francisco-Ortega J, Sánchez-Pinto L (Eds). Museos de Tenerife : Tenerife, Spain. 331.

Penn MG, Cafferty S, Carine M (2018) Mapping the history of botanical collectors: spatial patterns, diversity, and uniqueness through time. Systematics and Biodiversity, 16 (1) : 1 - 13. doi: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1355854

Jones KE, Pérez-Espona S, Reyes-Betancort JA, Pattinson D, Caujapé-Castells J, Hiscock SJ, Carine MA (2016) Why do different oceanic archipelagos harbour contrasting levels of species diversity? The macaronesian endemic genus Pericallis (Asteraceae) provides insight into explaining the ‘Azores diversity Enigma’. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16 (1) : doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0766-1

White OW, Doo B, Carine MA, Chapman MA (2016) Transcriptome sequencing and simple sequence repeat marker development for three Macaronesian endemic plant species. Applications in Plant Sciences, 4 (8) : 1600050 - 1600050. doi: 10.3732/apps.1600050

Carine M, Gray A, Eaton M, Hall J, Scutt Phillips J, Righton D, Chamberlain J (null) Identifying Evidence Gaps to Support the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in the UK Overseas Territories. Final Report. Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Project BE0101. :

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Romeiras MM, Carine M, Sánchez-Pinto L, Duarte MC (2015) The botany of the three voyages of Captain James Cook in Macaronesia: an introduction. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 27 : 357 - 410.

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Sánchez-Pinto L, Duarte MC, Rouhan G, Santiago-Valetín E, Carine M, Romeiras MM (2015) Early scientific illustrations of the Macaronesian flora: An introduction to pre-19th century artworks. Vieraea, 43 : 219 - 308.

Mitchell TC, Williams BRM, Wood JRI, Harris DJ, Scotland RW, Carine MA (2016) How the temperate world was colonised by bindweeds: biogeography of the Convolvuleae (Convolvulaceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16 (1) : doi: 10.1186/s12862-016-0591-6

Moura M, Carine MA, De Sequeira MM (2015) Aichryson santamariensis (Crassulaceae): a new species endemic to Santa Maria in the Azores. PHYTOTAXA, 234 (1) : 37 - 50.

Williams BRM, Schaefer H, De Sequeira MM, Reyes-Betancort JA, Patiño J, Carine MA (2015) Are there any widespread endemic flowering plant species in Macaronesia? Phylogeography ofRanunculus cortusifolius. American Journal of Botany, 102 (10) : 1736 - 1746. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1500238

Simoes AR, Culham A, Carine M (2015) Resolving the unresolved tribe: a molecular phylogenetic framework for the Merremieae (Convolvulaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 179 (3) : 374 - 387. doi: 10.1111/boj.12339

Wood JRI, Carine MA, Harris D, Wilkin P, Williams B, Scotland RW (2015) Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in Bolivia. KEW BULLETIN, 70 (3) : doi: 10.1007/S12225-015-9592-7

Scotland R, Wood J, R.M. Williams B, Mitchell TC, Carine M, Harris D (null) A foundation monograph of Convolvulus L. (Convolvulaceae). PhytoKeys, 51 : 1 - 282. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.51.7104

Moura M, Carine MA, Malécot V, Lourenço A, Schaefer H, Silva L (2015) A taxonomic reassessment of Viburnum (Adoxaceae) in the Azores. Phytotaxa, 210 (1) : 4 - 23. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.210.1.3

Moura M, Silva L, Dias EF, Schaefer H, Carine M (2015) A revision of the genus Leontodon (Asteraceae) in the Azores based on morphological and molecular evidence. Phytotaxa, 210 (1) : 24 - 46. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.210.1.4

Romeiras MM, Monteiro F, Duarte MC, Schaefer H, Carine M (2015) Patterns of genetic diversity in three plant lineages endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. AoB Plants, 7 : plv051 - plv051. doi: 10.1093/aobpla/plv051

Patiño J, Carine M, Mardulyn P, Devos N, Mateo RG, González-Mancebo JM, Shaw AJ, Vanderpoorten A (2015) Approximate Bayesian Computation Reveals the Crucial Role of Oceanic Islands for the Assembly of Continental Biodiversity. Systematic Biology, 64 (4) : 579 - 589. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syv013

Buril MT, Simoes AR, Carine M, Alves M (2015) Daustinia, a replacement name for Austinia (Convolvulaceae). PHYTOTAXA, 197 (1) : 60 - 60.

Patiño J, Sólymos P, Carine M, Weigelt P, Kreft H, Vanderpoorten A (2015) Island floras are not necessarily more species poor than continental ones. Journal of Biogeography, 42 (1) : 8 - 10. doi: 10.1111/jbi.12422

Buril MT, Simões AR, Carine M, Alves M (2014) Austinia, a new genus of Convolvulaceae from Brazil. Phytotaxa, 186 (5) : 254 - 254. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.186.5.2

Jones KE, Sequiera M, Carine MA, Jardim R (2014) A new species of Pericallis (Senecioneae, Asteraceae) endemic to Porto Santo (Madeira, Portugal). Phytotaxa, 186 (4) : 199 - 199. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.186.4.3

Bateman RM, Rudall PJ, Bidartondo MI, Cozzolino S, Tranchida-Lombardo V, Carine MA, Moura M (2014) Speciation via floral heterochrony and presumed mycorrhizal host switching of endemic butterfly orchids on the Azorean archipelago. American Journal of Botany, 101 (6) : 979 - 1001. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1300430

Romeiras MM, Duarte MC, Santos-Guerra A, Carine M, Francisco-Ortega J (2014) Botanical exploration of the Cape Verde Islands: From the pre-Linnaean records and collections to late 18th century floristic accounts and expeditions. Taxon, 63 (3) : 625 - 640. doi: 10.12705/633.37

Williams BRM, Mitchell TC, Wood JRI, Harris DJ, Scotland RW, Carine MA (2014) Integrating DNA barcode data in a monographic study of Convolvulus. Taxon, doi: 10.12705/636.9

Patino J, Carine M, Fernández-Palacios JM, Otto R, Schaefer H, Vanderpoorten A (2014) The anagenetic world of spore-producing land plants. New Phytologist, 201 : 305 - 311.

Rumsey FJ, Robba L, Schneider H, Carine MA (2014) Taxonomic uncertainty and a continental conundrum:Polypodium macaronesicumreassessed. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 174 (3) : 449 - 460. doi: 10.1111/boj.12140

Hay AS, Pieper B, Cooke E, Mandáková T, Cartolano M, Tattersall AD, Ioio RD, McGowan SJ, Barkoulas M, Galinha C, Rast MI, Hofhuis H, Then C, Plieske J, Ganal M, Mott R, Martinez-Garcia JF, Carine MA, Scotland RW, Gan X, Filatov DA, Lysak MA, Tsiantis M (2014) Cardamine hirsuta: a versatile genetic system for comparative studies. The Plant Journal, 78 (1) : 1 - 15. doi: 10.1111/tpj.12447

Jones KE, Reyes-Betancort JA, Hiscock SJ, Carine MA (2014) Allopatric diversification, multiple habitat shifts, and hybridization in the evolution ofPericallis(Asteraceae), a Macaronesian endemic genus. American Journal of Botany, 101 (4) : 637 - 651. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1300390

Luna JA, Demissew S, Darbyshire I, Carine MA (null) The significance of one versus two styles: the return of Seddera section Socotroseddera to Convolvulus . Phytotaxa, 156 (1) : 47 - 47. doi: 10.11646/phytotaxa.156.1.3

Rumsey F, Schaefer H, Carine M (2014) Asplenium auritum sensu lato (Aspleniaceae: Pteridophyta): an overlooked neotropical fern native to the Azores. Fern Gazette 19: 259—271.. Fern Gazette, 19 : 259 - 271.

Carine MA, Christenhusz MJM (2010) About this volume: the monograph of Hypericum by Norman Robson. PHYTOTAXA, 4 : 1 - 4.

Carine MA, Reyes-Betancort JA (2013) Diversity and Diversification of the Macaronesian Lauroid Spurges. Vieraea: Folia scientarum biologicarum canariensium, 253 - 268.

Nürk NM, Madriñán S, Carine MA, Chase MW, Blattner FR (2013) Molecular phylogenetics and morphological evolution of St. John’s wort (Hypericum; Hypericaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 66 (1) : 1 - 16. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.022

Bebber DP, Carine MA, Davidse G, Harris DJ, Haston EM, Penn MG, Cafferty S, Wood JRI, Scotland RW (2012) Big hitting collectors make massive and disproportionate contribution to the discovery of plant species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279 (1736) : 2269 - 2274. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2439

Désamoré A, Laenen B, González-Mancebo JM, Jaén Molina R, Bystriakova N, Martinez-Klimova E, Carine MA, Vanderpoorten A (2012) Inverted patterns of genetic diversity in continental and island populations of the heather Erica scoparia s.l.. Journal of Biogeography, 39 (3) : 574 - 584. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02622.x

Carine MA, Jones K, Moura M, Graciete Belo Maciel M, Rumsey FJ, Schaefer H (2012) Putting biogeography’s cart back behind taxonomy’s horse: a response to Triantis et al.. Journal of Biogeography, 39 (6) : 1184 - 1187. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02736.x

Schaefer H, Hechenleitner P, Santos-Guerra A, de Sequeira MM, Pennington RT, Kenicer G, Carine MA (2012) Systematics, biogeography, and character evolution of the legume tribe Fabeae with special focus on the middle-Atlantic island lineages. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12 (1) : 250 - 250. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-250

Désamoré A, Laenen B, Devos N, Popp M, González-Mancebo JM, Carine MA, Vanderpoorten A (2011) Out of Africa: north-westwards Pleistocene expansions of the heather Erica arborea. Journal of Biogeography, 38 (1) : 164 - 176. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02387.x

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Carine MA, Maunder M (2011) Las colecciones de herbario más antiguas de las islas Canarias. 98 - 111.

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Carine MA, Sequeira M, Maunder M (2011) The search for new plants: early exploration brought “strange” plants to European collections. Winter 2011 : 43 - 47.

Romeiras MM, Paulo OS, Duarte MC, Pina-Martins F, Cotrim MH, Carine MA, Pais MS (2011) Origin and diversification of the genusEchium(Boraginaceae) in the Cape Verde archipelago. TAXON, 60 (5) : 1375 - 1385. doi: 10.1002/tax.605013

Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Carine MA, Maunder M, Francisco-Ortega J (2011) Late 17th century herbarium collections from the Canary Islands: The plants collected by James Cuninghame in La Palma. TAXON, 60 (6) : 1734 - 1753. doi: 10.1002/tax.606017

Schaefer H, Carine MA, Rumsey FJ (2011) From European Priority Species to Invasive Weed: Marsilea azorica (Marsileaceae) is a Misidentified Alien. Systematic Botany, 36 (4) : 845 - 853. doi: 10.1600/036364411x604868

Schaefer H, Moura M, Belo Maciel MG, Silva L, Rumsey FJ, Carine MA (2011) The Linnean shortfall in oceanic island biogeography: a case study in the Azores. Journal of Biogeography, 38 (7) : 1345 - 1355. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02494.x

Vanderpoorten A, Laenen B, Gabriel R, González-Mancebo JM, Rumsey F, Carine MA, Bramwell D, Caujapé-Castells J (2011) Dispersal, diversity and evolution of the Macaronesian cryptogamic floras, In: null, null : 338 - 364.

Bebber DP, Carine MA, Wood JRI, Wortley AH, Harris DJ, Prance GT, Davidse G, Paige J, Pennington TD, Robson NKB, Scotland RW (2010) Herbaria are a major frontier for species discovery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107 (51) : 22169 - 22171. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1011841108

Vanderpoorten A, Robbert Gradstein S, Carine MA, Devos N (null) The ghosts of Gondwana and Laurasia in modern liverwort distributions. Biological Reviews, no - no. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00111.x

Carine MA, Robba L (2010) A revision of the Convolvulus sabatius (Convolvulaceae) complex. Phytotaxa, 14 : 1 - 21.

Carine MA, Santos Guerra A, Guma IR, Reyes-Betancort JA (2010) Endemism and evolution of the Macaronesian flora, In: null, null : 101 - 124.

Carine MA, Schaefer H (null) The Azores diversity enigma: why are there so few Azorean endemic flowering plants and why are they so widespread?. Journal of Biogeography, 37 (1) : 77 - 89. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02181.x

de Sequeira MM, Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Oberli A, Carine MA, Maunder M, Francisco-Ortega J (2010) The Madeiran plants collected by Sir Hans Sloane in 1687, and his descriptions. TAXON, 59 (2) : 598 - 612. doi: 10.1002/tax.592025

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos Guerra A, JARVIS CE, CARINE MA, Menezes de Sequeira M, Maunder M (2010) Early British collectors and observers of the Macaronesian flora: from Sloane to Darwin, In: Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm, WILLIAMS DM, KNAPP S (Eds). University of California Press : Berkeley, Los Angeles, London. 125 - 144.

Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Jarvis CE, Carine MA, de Sequeira MM, Maunder M (2010) Early British collectors and observers of the Macaronesian flora. Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm, 3 : 125 - 125.

Laenen B, Désamoré A, Devos N, Shaw AJ, González-Mancebo JM, Carine MA, Vanderpoorten A (2011) Macaronesia: a source of hidden genetic diversity for post-glacial recolonization of western Europe in the leafy liverwort Radula lindenbergiana. Journal of Biogeography, 38 (4) : 631 - 639. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02440.x

Hollingsworth PM, Forrest LL, Spouge JL, Hajibabaei M, Ratnasingham S, van der Bank M, Chase MW, Cowan RS, Erickson DL, Fazekas AJ, Graham SW, James KE, Kim K-J, Kress WJ, Schneider H, van AlphenStahl J, Barrett SCH, van den Berg C, Bogarin D, Burgess KS, Cameron KM, Carine M, Chacón J, Clark A, Clarkson JJ, Conrad F, Devey DS, Ford CS, Hedderson TAJ, Hollingsworth ML, Husband BC, Kelly LJ, Kesanakurti PR, Kim JS, Kim Y-D, Lahaye R, Lee H-L, Long DG, Madriñán S, Maurin O, Meusnier I, Newmaster SG, Park C-W, Percy DM, Petersen G, Richardson JE, Salazar GA, Savolainen V, Seberg O, Wilkinson MJ, Yi D-K, Little DP (2009) A DNA barcode for land plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (31) : 12794 - 12797. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0905845106

BROWN JM, BRUMMITT RK, SPENCER M, CARINE MA (2009) Disentangling the bindweeds: hybridization and taxonomic diversity in BritishCalystegia(Convolvulaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 160 (4) : 388 - 401. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00987.x

Carine MA, Humphries CJ, Guma IR, Reyes-Betancort JA, Santos Guerra A (2009) Areas and algorithms: evaluating numerical approaches for the delimitation of areas of endemism in the Canary Islands archipelago. Journal of Biogeography, 36 (4) : 593 - 611. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02016.x

Hollingsworth P, Forrest L, Spouge J, Hajibabaei M, Ratnasingham S, Van der Bank M, Chase M, Cowan R, Erickson D, Fazekas A, Graham S, JAMES KE, Kim KJ, John W, SCHNEIDER H, Van Alphen Stahl J, Barrett S, Van den Berg C, Bogarin D, Burgess K, Cameron K, CARINE M, Chacón J, Clark A, Clarkson J, Conrad F, Devey D, Ford C, Hedderson T, Hollingsworth M, Husband B, Kelly L, Kesanakurti P, Kim J, Kim Y, Lahaye R, Lee HL, Long D, Madriñán S, Maurin O, Meusnier I, Newmaster S, Park CW, Percy D, Petersen G, Richardson J, Salazar G, Savolainen V, Seberg O, WILKINSON M, Yi DK, Little D (2009) A DNA Barcode for Land Plants. CBOL Plant Working Group. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106 : 12794 - 12797.

Martinez Rodriguez J, Vargas Gomez P, Carine M, Jury S (2009) Iris rutherfordii Mart. Rodr., R Vargas, Carine & Jury (Iridaceae, Iris subgen. Xiphium (Mill.) Spach), a new species from Morocco. CANDOLLEA, 64 (1) : 127 - 132.

Ortega JF, Guerra AS, Carine MA, Jarvis CE (2009) Francis Masson y los primeros estudios taxonomicos modernos de la flora macaronesica. 2 - 11.

Vanderpoorten A, Gradstein SR, CARINE MA, Devos N (2009) The ghosts of Gondwana and Laurasia in modern liverwort distributions. Biological Reviews,

FRANCISCO-ORTEGA J, SANTOS-GUERRA A, CARINE MA, JARVIS CE (2008) Plant hunting in Macaronesia by Francis Masson: the plants sent to Linnaeus and Linnaeus filius. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 157 (3) : 393 - 428. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00822.x

Reyes-Betancort JA, Santos Guerra A, Guma IR, Humphries CJ, Carine MA (2008) Diversity, rarity and the evolution and conservation of the Canary Islands endemic flora. ANALES-JARDIN BOTANICO DE MADRID. 65 : CSIC : 25 - 25.

CARINE MA, ROBBA L, LITTLE R, RUSSELL S, GUERRA AS (2007) Molecular and morphological evidence for hybridization between endemic Canary Island Convolvulus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 154 (2) : 187 - 204. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00657.x

Chase MW, Cowan RS, Hollingsworth PM, van den Berg C, Madriñán S, Petersen G, Seberg O, Jørgsensen T, Cameron KM, Carine M, Pedersen N, Hedderson TAJ, Conrad F, Salazar GA, Richardson JE, Hollingsworth ML, Barraclough TG, Kelly L, Wilkinson M (2007) A proposal for a standardised protocol to barcode all land plants. TAXON, 56 (2) : 295 - 299. doi: 10.1002/tax.562004

Vanderpoorten A, Rumsey FJ, Carine MA (2007) Does Macaronesia exist? Conflicting signal in the bryophyte and pteridophyte floras. American Journal of Botany, 94 (4) : 625 - 639. doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.4.625

CARINE M, Santos Guerra A, HUMPHRIES C, Reyes-Bentancort JA, Guma R (2007) Areas of endemism in cladistic biogepgraphy : a case study from the Canary islands. Third Biennial Conference of the International Biogeography Society, Book of Abstracts,

Francisco-Ortega J, CARINE M, JARVIS C, Santos Guerra A, Maunder M (2007) Celebrating the 300th Anniversary of Carolus Linnaeus. Spring 2007 : 30 - 31.

Carine M, Rumsey FJ, Ait-Lafkih M, Rej-Dali M, Rutherford RW, Jury SL (2006) New plant collections from the North Morocco checklist area. null,

SILVERTOWN J, FRANCISCO-ORTEGA J, CARINE M (2005) The monophyly of island radiations: an evaluation of niche pre-emption and some alternative explanations. Journal of Ecology, 93 (4) : 653 - 657. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01038.x

Carine MA (2005) Spatio‐temporal relationships of the Macaronesian endemic flora: a relictual series or window of opportunity?. TAXON, 54 (4) : 895 - 903. doi: 10.2307/25065476

Robba L, Carine MA, Russell SJ, Raimondo FM (2005) The monophyly and evolution of Cynara L.(Asteraceae) sensu lato: evidence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of nrDNA and morphology. null,

Robba L, Carine MA, Russell SJ, Raimondo FM (2005) The monophyly and evolution of Cynara L. (Asteraceae) sensu lato: evidence from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of nrDNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 253 (1-4) : 53 - 64. doi: 10.1007/s00606-004-0259-3

Silva L, Pinto N, Press JR, Rumsey F, Carine M, Henderson S, Sjörgren E, Borges PAV, Cunha R, Gabriel R, others (2005) List of vascular plants (Pteridophyta e Spermatophyta), In: null, Direcç ao Regional do Ambiente and Universidade dos Açores, Horta, Angra do Heroísmo and Ponta Delgada :

Carine MA, Alexander JM, Scotland RW (2004) A revision of the Strobilanthes kunthiana group (Phlebophyllum sensu Bremekamp). null,

Carine MA, Alexander JM, Scotland RW (2004) A revision of the Strobilanthes kunthiana-group (Phlebophyllum sensu Bremekamp)(Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin, 1 - 25.

Carine MA, Russell SJ, Santos-Guerra A, Francisco-Ortega J (2004) Relationships of the Macaronesian and Mediterranean floras: molecular evidence for multiple colonizations into Macaronesia and back-colonization of the continent inConvolvulus(Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 91 (7) : 1070 - 1085. doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.7.1070

CARINE MA, Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, RUSSELL SJ (2004) Relationships of island and continental floras: molecular evidence for multiple colonisations into Macaronesia and subsequent back-colonisation of the continent in Convolvulus L.. American Journal of Botany, 91 : 1070 - 1085.

Moylan EC, Bennett JR, Carine MA, Olmstead RG, Scotland RW (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): evidence from ITS nrDNA, trn L- F cpDNA, and morphology. American Journal of Botany, 91 (5) : 724 - 735. doi: 10.3732/ajb.91.5.724

Carine MA, Alexander JM, Russell SJ (2003) Evolution of spines and the taxonomic status of Convolvulus section Acanthocladi: preliminary results from the ITS 2 region of nrDNA. Bocconea, 16 : 703 - 710.

Carine MA, Scotland RW (2002) Classification of Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae): Trying to Classify the Unclassifiable?. Taxon, 51 (2) : 259 - 259. doi: 10.2307/1554926

Carine MA, Jayasekara P, Scotland RW (2000) A new species of Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) from Sri Lanka. Kew Bulletin, 971 - 976.

Carine MA, Scotland RW (2000) taxa and 32 characters: resolving species relationships using morphological data, In: null, null : 365 - 384.

CARINE MA, SCOTLAND RW (2000) The taxonomy and biology of Stenosiphonium Nees (Acanthaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 133 (1) : 101 - 128. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01538.x

Scotland RW, Carine MA (2000) Classification or Phylogenetic Estimates?. Cladistics, 16 (4) : 411 - 419. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2000.tb00360.x

Carine MA (1999) A systematic study of the southern Indian and Sri Lankan Strobilanthinae (Acanthaceae).. PhD Thesis.

Carine MA, Scotland RW (1999) Taxic and Transformational Homology: Different Ways of Seeing. Cladistics, 15 (2) : 121 - 129. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1999.tb00254.x

Carine MA, Scotland RW (1998) Pollen morphology of Strobilanthes Blume (Acanthaceae) from southern India and Sri Lanka. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 103 (3-4) : 143 - 165. doi: 10.1016/s0034-6667(98)00030-x

Carine M (1997) Rarity of Strobilanthes Blume and Stenosiphonium Nees.

Carine M (1996) Systematics of Stenosiphonium Nees (Acanthaceae): the legacies of Hooker and Thomson.

Carine M (2021) Mastering the difficulties presented by the peculiarities of island life. A commentary on: ‘Reconstruction of the spatio-temporal diversification and ecological niche evolution of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) in the Canary Islands using genotyping-by-sequence data’. Annals of Botany, 127 (5) : iii - iv. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcab025

Teaching and students

Courses taught

Postgraduate: Taxonomic Principles and Tools in Botanical Research

3/2017.

Supervision

Doctorate (PhD) Co-supervisor to Scott B
Co supervisor(s): Carine M
Decolonising the Sloane Herbarium
Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Funding: Arts and Humanities Research Council
1/10/2021 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Co-supervisor to Bedford J
Co supervisor(s): Mark C
Genomics of adaptation to climate change in rice
University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Funding: NERC
1/10/2020 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Joint supervisor to de Vries A
Co supervisor(s): Carine M
Oceanic island museomics: human impact and the natural laboratory paradigm
University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
Funding: NERC
1/11/2019 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Joint supervisor to Graham R
The genomics of parallel adaptation to temperature-divergent niches
Funding: NERC
5/10/2015 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Joint supervisor to Prakash R
Co supervisor(s): Carine M
A cross-cultural study of medicinal plant use in India

Funding: Self funded
2015 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Co-supervisor to White O
Co supervisor(s): Chapman MA
Using transcriptomics to understand adaptation and speciation in an island radiation
Funding: Natural History Museum & University of Southampton
2015 - on going.

Doctorate (PhD) Lead supervisor to Jones K
Resolving the Azores Diversity Enigma
Funding: Natural History Museum
2010 - 2014.

Doctorate (PhD) Lead supervisor to Simões AR
Co supervisor(s): Culham A
Disentangling the bindweeds: systematics and evolution of Merremieae (Convolvulaceae)
Funding: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
2009 - 2013.

Doctorate (PhD) Co-supervisor to Cooke E
Co supervisor(s): Scotland RW
Systematics of Cardamine hirsuta
Funding: BBSRC
2009 - 2014.

Doctorate (PhD) Joint supervisor to Monro A
Taxonomy of Pilea (Urticaceae)
2007 - on going.

Course developed

Co developers: Knapp S, Thues H, Carine M, Brodie J, Ellis L, Wilbraham J, Spencer M, Rumsey F
Taxonomic Principles and Tools in Botanical Research,